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[08/03/2005]
 Guinea | |
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Dr Francis Louis, Yaoundé, Cameroon – Acknowledgments : Dr Fatoumata CAMARA, Conakry,
Guinea
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General Statistics
Area: 245,857
km²
Population:
7,164,893 inhabitants
Capital:
Conakry
Currency:
Guinean franc
Official
Language: French
Bordering
Countries: Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Mali, Ivory coast,
Liberia and Sierra Leone
Out of 192
countries Guinea ranks 186 th for life expectancy,
186th for infant mortality, 150th for GNP,
126th for daily calorie intake, 179th for
literacy, 166th for the percentage of children in
full-time education (source: Atlas Encyclopédique Mondial, Nathan
Ed., Paris 1996, pp.562-563).
In Conakry, the temperature varies little: 22°C in July and August
and 32°C from March to May. This is in harsh contrast with the
rainfall: the dry season is from December to April and the rainy
season from May to November. July and August see the most rainfall
with an average of 1,300 mm during the former and 1,000 mm during
the latter. | Epidemiological Facies
Malaria in Guinea is for the most part caused by Plasmodiumfalciparum, and is of a
stable tropical nature. This signifies that the transmission occurs
during a long season (6 to 8 months) with outbreaks during this
time. There are about 100 to 400 infectious bites per person per
year. Relative immunity occurs at the age of 10. Morbidity is at
its highest during the rainy season (about 80% of fevers in
children). Severe forms of the disease have been noted in people
older than those in the equatorial facies.
In this context, we can describe zones as being hypo-, meso-,
hyper- and holo-endemic, according to the malarial criteria laid
down by Marc Gentilini in his study on children aged 2 to 9 years
old (Médecine Tropicale, Flammarion Ed., Paris 1993, pp
96-97):
Percentage Criteria | hypoendemic | Mesoendemic | hyperendemic | Holoendemic | | Splenic Rate | 0-10 | 11-50 | 51-75 | >75 | Plasmodial
prevalence rate | <25 | 25-50 | 50-75 | >75 | Sporozoitic
Index | | | | 1-5 |
Figure 2 –The
different epidemiological facies of malaria in Guinea (source: F.
CAMARA 
H. JONCHERE and R. PFISTER had already used this
classification in 1951 (1) and had noted that "of all the
territories Guinea has the highest endemic rate » | Vectors
1. H. JONCHERE and
R. PFISTER identified Anopheles gambiae in
60.8% of cases, then Anopheles funestus
(36%), Anopheles
rufipes (1.6%), Anopheles nili
(1.15%), Anopheles
pharoensis (0.2%), Anopheles domicolus
(0.15%) and Anopheles
pretoriensis (0.14%) (1). 2. According to F.
CAMARA, the different known malaria vectors in Guinea
are Anopheles gambiae
s.s., Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles funestus and Anopheles
melas (map). Figure 3 – Isolated Anopheles in Guinea (source: F.
CAMARA) 
3. Jacques Brunhes
et al. (Les anophèles de la région afro-tropicale,
logiciel ORSTOM Ed., 1998) registered 34 different
species of anopheles in the country, of varing interest to the
study of malaria: Anopheles barberellus,
Anopheles brohieri, Anopheles brunnipes, Anopheles cinctus,
Anopheles coustani, Anopheles demeilloni, Anopheles domicola,
Anopheles flavicosta, Anopheles freetownensis, Anopheles funestus,
Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles hancocki, Anopheles hargreavesi,
Anopheles implexus, Anopheles leesoni, Anopheles maculipalpis,
Anopheles maliensis, Anopheles marshallii, Anopheles melas,
Anopheles moucheti moucheti, Anopheles nili, Anopheles obscurus,
Anopheles pharoensis, Anopheles pretoriensis, Anopheles rageani,
Anopheles rhodesiensis rhodesiensis, Anopheles rivulorum, Anopheles
rufipes rufipes, Anopheles sergentii macmahoni, Anopheles smithii,
Anopheles somalicus, Anopheles squamosus, Anopheles wellcomei
wellcomei and Anopheles ziemanni. | Chemoresistance
A 1997 in vivo study showed a chloroquine-resistance rate of 10.9%
in Gueckedou and of 9% in Forecariah (G and F in figure 2). No
other study has been published.
| Vector Control
Measures of vector control are taken on by the PNLP (National Anti
malaria Program). In practice this amounts to the promotion of the
use of mosquito nets treated with long lasting insecticide.
| The National Anti Malaria Program.
( National Program for the fight against malaria
(PNLP))
The « PNLP » is directed by Mrs Fatoumata CAMARA who is employed on
a full time basis. Mme CAMARA has an annual budget of US$ 275,000
(granted by the WHO) and a team of 19 people.
The contact information for the program is: Programme National de
Lutte contre le Paludisme, Direction de la Prévention, Ministère de
la Santé, BP 5514 Conakry, République de Guinée (tél.: + 224 11 21
30 97).
The main achievements of the program are:
The training of specialized people in fight strategies
(1993)
The drawing up of a national anti malaria campaign
(1993)
The organization of a seminar / workshop on malaria indicators
(1995)
The organization of a seminar / workshop on malaria IEC
(1996)
The training of health officers in the handling of serious forms of
the disease (1997)
The retraining of 30 lab. technicians (1997)
The training of 150 health officers in the techniques of treating
mosquito nets (1997).
The drawing up of a strategy to make mosquito nets and insecticide
treated materials commonly available (1997).
Since 1997 Guinea has also been a member of the 21 countries
selected by the WHO for accelerated anti malaria action. The
results of this action plan are not yet available.(6 ).
| Research Institutions
Only the PNLP works on malaria. Research is for the most part based
on the study of the effectiveness of antimalarial drugs.
| Advice to Travelers
According to the B.E.H. n°24-25 of the 14th june 2005, Guinea is
classified in chloroquine-resistance group 3 which implies that
travelers to the region should be treated with the Mefloquine or
the Atovaquone-Proguanil combined treatment. However, individual measures of protection against insect bites
should also be taken | Bibliography
(only the first author is mentioned)
1. JONCHERE H. - Enquêtes malariologiques en Haute-Volta,
Côte d'Ivoire et Guinée (janvier-mars 1951). Bull. Soc.
Pathol. Exot. 1951 ; 44: 774-786.
2. DABIS F. - Monitoring selective components of primary health
care: methodology and community assessment of vaccination,
diarrhoea, and malaria practices in Conakry, Guinea. Bull.
OMS 1989 , 67: 675-684.
3. PROGRAMME NATIONAL DE LUTTE CONTRE LE PALUDISME - Stratégie de
vulgarisation des moustiquaires et matériaux imprégnés
d'insecticide. Doc. dactylographié 1997, 19 pages.
4. SYLLA A. - Impaludation du nourrisson dans une zone rurale de
Guinée maritime (Guinée Conakry). I. Statuts immunitaire et
parasitaire de la mère et du nouveau-né. Bull. Soc.
Pathol. Exot. 1998 ; 91: 287-290.
5. DIALLO P. - Impaludation du nourrisson dans une zone rurale de
Guinée maritime (Guinée Conakry). I. Evolution des anticorps
antipaludéens et impaludation au cours de la première année de
vie. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 1998 ; 91: 291-296.
6. KASSANKOGNO Y. - Aperçu sur le programme de lutte contre le
paludisme africain pour la période 1996-1997. Malaria and
Infectious Diseases in Africa 1999 ; n°9bis: 55-61.
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