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[08/05/2005]
 Egypt | |
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Authors: Dr Francis Louis, IMTSSA, Marseille –
Acknowledgements : Dr Sixte Blanchy, Ambassade de France, Le Caire
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General Statistics
Area : 1,001,450 km²
Population: 54,800,000 inhabitants
Capital: Cairo
Currency: Egyptian Pound Official language: Arabic
Bordering Countries: Libya, Sudan, Saoudi Arabia,
Jordan, Israël 
Out of 192 countries, Egypt ranks 136th for life
expectancy, 106th for infant mortality, 128th
for GNP, 46th for daily calorie intake, 154th
for literacy, 131st for the percentage of children in
full-time education (source: Atlas Encyclopédique Mondial, Nathan
Ed., Paris 1996, pp.118-119).
The climate is very hot in summer (> 30°C), with almost no
rainfall, and much colder in winter (< 10°C), with occasional
rainfall on the coast. | Epidemiological Facies
Malaria is absent from Egypt, with the exception of the El Fayoum
Oasis where Plasmodiumvivax malaria continues to
occur.
However, it should be noted that R.L. Miller et al.’s study found
that 6 out of 7 mummies tested HRP2 positive. This signifies
that Plasmodiumfalciparum was rife in the
time of the Pharaohs (17). It is not however necessary to go back
so far in time: in 1933, Egypt notified 2,559 cases of malaria and
3,057 in 1934, distributed over almost all the country (1).
| Vectors
A number of different malaria vectors have been described in Egypt,
among the most important are: Anopheles gambiae
(2a), Anopheles
pharoensis (2b) and Anopheles sergentii (5).
| Chemoresistance
There have been no reported cases of
chemoresistant Plasmodiumvivax
| The National Anti Malaria Program
There is noNational Program nor Fight Action against Malaria in
Egypt, with the exception of some vector control management in the
El Fayoum Oasis.
| Research
There is no malaria research in Egypt today.
| Advice to travelers
Only travelers going to the El Fayoum Oasis need to undergo
chemoprophylaxis: chloroquine on its own is sufficient (for adults:
one 100 mg/tablet per day to be taken as of the first day in the
malaria infected region and to be continued for one month after
returning).
| Bibliography
(Only the first author is mentioned)
1. BARSOUM S. - Le paludisme en Égypte. Thèse médecine Lyon,
1938, 52 pages.
2a. SHAWARBY A.A. et Coll. - Protective measures against Anopheles
gambiae invasion to UAR. J. Egypt. Public Health Assoc. 1967 ; 42:
194-198.
2b. SHAWARBY A.A. et Coll. - Further trials for entomological and
parasitological evaluation of some insecticides against Anopheles
pharoensis in UAR 1965. J. Egypt. Public Health Assoc. 1967 ; 42:
159-170.
2c. SHAWARBY A.A. et Coll. - The response of malaria and its
vectors to environmental changes in the southern oases of UAR. J.
Egypt. Public Health Assoc. 1967 ; 42: 19-33.
2d. SHAWARBY A.A. et Coll. - HCH in field management of dual DL and
DDT resistant populations of Anopheles pharoensis, the malaria
vector, Dokki, Cario UAR 1966 & 1967. J. Egypt. Public Health
Assoc. 1968 ; 43: 207-217.
3. DE ZULUETA I. - Malaria and Maditerranean history.
Parassitologia 1973 ; 15: 1-15.
4. METCALF C.D. - CAPS jottings on malaria. Cent. Afr. J. Med. 1979
; 25: 181-185.
5. GAD et Coll. - Ecology of Anopheles (Cellia) sergentii Theobald
in the eastern desert, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc.
Parasitol. 1984 ; 14: 1-6.
6. SOUKRY A. et Coll. - Studies on the biology of Anopheles
pharoensis Theo. in Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 1984 ; 14:
99-104.
7. KEMP L.W. - Plasmodiumvivax malaria in Egypt. N.
Engl. J. Med. 1984 ; 311: 1444.
8. KENAWY M.A. et Coll. - First record of malaria and associated
Anopheles in El Gara Oasis, Egypt. J. Am. Mosq.
Control Assoc. 1986 ; 2: 101-103.
9a. BEIER J.C. et Coll. - Colonization of the oasis malaria vector,
Anopheles sergentii, in Egypt. J. Am. Mosq.
Control Assoc. 1986 ; 2: 104-105.
9b. BEIER J.C. et Coll. - Vector potential of culicine mosquitoes
in Faiyum Governorate, Egypt. J. Am. Mosq.
Control Assoc. 1986 ; 2: 164-167.
10. EL SAID S. et Coll. - Anopheles population dynamics in two
malaria endemic villages in Faiyum Governorate, Egypt. J. Am.
Mosq. Control Assoc. 1986 ; 2: 158-163.
11. AZAB M.E. - Serological evidence of infection with Plasmodium and
Toxoplama in blood donors to Ain-Shams University Hospital. J.
Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 1986 ; 16: 163-170.
12. BEIER M.S. et Coll. - Laboratory reary techniques and adult
life table parameters for Anopheles sergentii from Egypt. J.
Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 1987 ; 3: 266-270.
13. LONDNER M.V. et Coll. - Dot-ELISA, a potential immunoassay for
the detection of Plasmodiumfalciparum
antibodies. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1998 ; 82:
686-688.
14. SOLIMAN M.A. et Coll. - Malaria in Egyptian view of a recent
publication. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 1989 ; 19: 365-367.
15a. KENAWY M.A. et Coll. - Interpretation of
low-level Plasmodium infection
rates determined by ELISA for anophelines (Diptera: Culicidae) from
Egyptian oases. J. Med. Entomol. 1990 ; 27: 681-685.
15b. KENAWY M.A. - development and survival of Anopheles pharoensis
and Anopheles multicolor from Faiyum, Egypt. J. Am.
Mosq. Control Assoc. 1991 ; 7: 551-555.
16a. YOUSSEF M.E. et Coll. - Immune response of gametocytes
of Plasmodium falciparum
in exogenous cases in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc.
Parasitol. 1992 ; 22: 365-369.
16b. YOUSSEF M.E. et Coll. - Malaria as a cause of prolonged fever
among children in Mansoura fever hospital. J. Egypt. Soc.
Parasitol. 1993 ; 23: 417-421.
17. MILLER R.I. et Coll. - Diagnosis of Plasmodiumfalciparum infections in
mummies using the rapid manual ParaSight-F test. Trans. R.
Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1994 ; 88: 31-32.
18. COPE S.E. et Coll. - New record of the malaria vector Anopheles
sergentii in the southern Nile Valley of Egypt. J. Am.
Mosq. Control Assoc. 1995 ; 11: 145-146.
19a. MORSY T.A. et Coll. - Studies on the bionomics and vector
competence of adult anopheline mosquitoes in El Faiyum Governorate,
Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 1995 ; 25: 213-244.
19b. MORSY T.A. et Coll. - Studies on anopheline larvae in El
Faiyum Governorate, Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 1995 ; 25:
329-353. |
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